Symbol↕ | Name↕ | Atomic Number↕ | Category↕ | Discovered By↕ | Known For↕ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H | Hydrogen | 1 | Nonmetal | Henry Cavendish (1766) | Most abundant element in the universe, rocket fuel |
| He | Helium | 2 | Noble gas | Pierre Janssen / Joseph Lockyer (1868) | Second lightest element, used in balloons and MRI machines |
| Li | Lithium | 3 | Alkali metal | Johan August Arfwedson (1817) | Lightest metal, key component of rechargeable batteries |
| Be | Beryllium | 4 | Alkaline earth metal | Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1798) | Lightweight aerospace alloys, X-ray windows |
| B | Boron | 5 | Metalloid | Humphry Davy / Gay-Lussac (1808) | Used in fiberglass, detergents (borax), and semiconductors |
| C | Carbon | 6 | Nonmetal | Known since antiquity | Basis of all organic life, forms diamond and graphite |
| N | Nitrogen | 7 | Nonmetal | Daniel Rutherford (1772) | 78% of Earth's atmosphere, essential for fertilizers |
| O | Oxygen | 8 | Nonmetal | Carl Wilhelm Scheele / Joseph Priestley (1774) | Essential for respiration, 21% of atmosphere |
| F | Fluorine | 9 | Halogen | Henri Moissan (1886) | Most reactive element, used in toothpaste and Teflon |
| Ne | Neon | 10 | Noble gas | William Ramsay / Morris Travers (1898) | Iconic red-orange glow in neon signs |
| Na | Sodium | 11 | Alkali metal | Humphry Davy (1807) | Essential for nerve function, table salt (NaCl) |
| Mg | Magnesium | 12 | Alkaline earth metal | Joseph Black (1755) | Burns with brilliant white flame, lightweight alloys |
| Al | Aluminum | 13 | Post-transition metal | Hans Christian Oersted (1825) | Most abundant metal in Earth's crust, cans and aircraft |
| Si | Silicon | 14 | Metalloid | Jons Jacob Berzelius (1824) | Foundation of computer chips and semiconductors |
| P | Phosphorus | 15 | Nonmetal | Hennig Brand (1669) | Essential for DNA and bones, matches, fertilizers |
| S | Sulfur | 16 | Nonmetal | Known since antiquity | Distinctive smell, gunpowder ingredient, vulcanizing rubber |
| Cl | Chlorine | 17 | Halogen | Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1774) | Water purification, PVC plastic, bleach |
| Ar | Argon | 18 | Noble gas | Lord Rayleigh / William Ramsay (1894) | Third most abundant gas in atmosphere, fills light bulbs |
| K | Potassium | 19 | Alkali metal | Humphry Davy (1807) | Essential nutrient, bananas, fertilizers, reacts violently with water |
| Ca | Calcium | 20 | Alkaline earth metal | Humphry Davy (1808) | Builds bones and teeth, limestone and chalk |
| Sc | Scandium | 21 | Transition metal | Lars Fredrik Nilson (1879) | Lightweight aerospace alloys, stadium lighting |
| Ti | Titanium | 22 | Transition metal | William Gregor (1791) | Strong, lightweight, corrosion-resistant; implants, aircraft |
| V | Vanadium | 23 | Transition metal | Andres Manuel del Rio (1801) | Strengthens steel alloys, vanadium redox batteries |
| Cr | Chromium | 24 | Transition metal | Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1797) | Chrome plating, stainless steel, gives rubies their red color |
| Mn | Manganese | 25 | Transition metal | Johan Gottlieb Gahn (1774) | Steel production, alkaline batteries |
| Fe | Iron | 26 | Transition metal | Known since antiquity | Most used metal, steel, carries oxygen in blood (hemoglobin) |
| Co | Cobalt | 27 | Transition metal | Georg Brandt (1735) | Blue pigment, lithium-ion batteries, superalloys |
| Ni | Nickel | 28 | Transition metal | Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1751) | Stainless steel, coins, EV batteries |
| Cu | Copper | 29 | Transition metal | Known since antiquity | Electrical wiring, plumbing, Statue of Liberty |
| Zn | Zinc | 30 | Transition metal | Andreas Marggraf (1746) | Galvanizing steel, sunscreen, essential trace element |
| Ga | Gallium | 31 | Post-transition metal | Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1875) | Melts in your hand (29.8C), LEDs, semiconductors |
| Ge | Germanium | 32 | Metalloid | Clemens Winkler (1886) | Early transistors, fiber optics, infrared optics |
| As | Arsenic | 33 | Metalloid | Albertus Magnus (c. 1250) | Infamous poison, wood preservatives, semiconductors |
| Se | Selenium | 34 | Nonmetal | Jons Jacob Berzelius (1817) | Photocopiers, solar cells, essential trace nutrient |
| Br | Bromine | 35 | Halogen | Antoine Jerome Balard (1826) | Only non-metal liquid at room temperature, flame retardants |
| Kr | Krypton | 36 | Noble gas | William Ramsay / Morris Travers (1898) | Superman's home planet namesake, high-performance lighting |
| Rb | Rubidium | 37 | Alkali metal | Robert Bunsen / Gustav Kirchhoff (1861) | Atomic clocks, GPS timing, fireworks (purple) |
| Sr | Strontium | 38 | Alkaline earth metal | Adair Crawford (1790) | Red fireworks and flares, CRT televisions |
| Y | Yttrium | 39 | Transition metal | Johan Gadolin (1794) | LED phosphors, superconductors, named after Ytterby, Sweden |
| Zr | Zirconium | 40 | Transition metal | Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1789) | Nuclear reactor cladding, cubic zirconia gemstones |
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This dataset contains 118 entries, each with multiple sortable, filterable columns. The full table is visible on this page and can be downloaded as a CSV, JSON, or Excel file.
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