Pope↕ | Birth Name↕ | Papacy↕ | Family↕ | Known For↕ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Nicholas V | Tommaso Parentucelli | 1447-1455 | Parentucelli | Founded Vatican Library, first Renaissance pope, patron of humanists |
Callixtus III | Alfonso de Borja | 1455-1458 | Borgia | First Borgia pope, rehabilitated Joan of Arc, launched crusade against Ottomans |
Pius II | Enea Silvio Piccolomini | 1458-1464 | Piccolomini | Humanist poet, wrote autobiography Commentaries, tried to launch crusade |
Paul II | Pietro Barbo | 1464-1471 | Barbo | Venetian nephew of Eugene IV, built Palazzo Venezia, loved carnival games |
Sixtus IV | Francesco della Rovere | 1471-1484 | della Rovere | Built the Sistine Chapel, Pazzi conspiracy against Medici, massive nepotism |
Innocent VIII | Giovanni Battista Cybo | 1484-1492 | Cybo | Issued witch-hunting bull Summis desiderantes, openly acknowledged children |
Alexander VI | Rodrigo Borgia | 1492-1503 | Borgia | Most infamous pope, fathered Cesare and Lucrezia, divided New World between Spain and Portugal |
Pius III | Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini | 1503 | Piccolomini | Pope for 26 days, nephew of Pius II, died of gout |
Julius II | Giuliano della Rovere | 1503-1513 | della Rovere | Warrior Pope, commissioned Sistine ceiling from Michelangelo and St Peter's from Bramante |
Leo X | Giovanni de' Medici | 1513-1521 | Medici | Son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, excommunicated Luther, sold indulgences for St Peter's |
Adrian VI | Adriaan Florensz Boeyens | 1522-1523 | Boeyens | Last non-Italian pope until John Paul II, austere reformer, died within a year |
Clement VII | Giulio de' Medici | 1523-1534 | Medici | Sack of Rome 1527 by imperial troops, refused Henry VIII's annulment, lost England |
Paul III | Alessandro Farnese | 1534-1549 | Farnese | Convoked Council of Trent, approved Jesuits, commissioned Michelangelo's Last Judgment |
Julius III | Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte | 1550-1555 | Ciocchi del Monte | Scandal over favorite Innocenzo, patron of Palestrina music, built Villa Giulia |
Paul IV | Gian Pietro Carafa | 1555-1559 | Carafa | Counter-Reformation hardliner, created Roman Ghetto, Index of Forbidden Books |
Pius IV | Giovanni Angelo Medici | 1559-1565 | Medici of Milan | Closed Council of Trent, unrelated to Florentine Medici, built Porta Pia |
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