Culture

Traditional Masks of the World

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Mask
Culture
Country
Material
Purpose
Known For
BautaVenetian Carnival
Italy
Painted papier-mache or porcelainAnonymity at balls and public eventsSquare jawed full-face mask allowing wearer to eat and speak, worn with tricorn hat and cape
Noh Mask (Ko-omote)Noh Theatre
Japan
Carved hinoki cypressClassical theatre performanceYoung woman mask that appears to change expression with head angle, carved by dedicated mask makers
Dogon KanagaDogon
Mali
Wood with white, black and red pigmentsDama funeral ceremonyTall double-cross superstructure representing the creator god, worn in masked dances on rooftops
BarongBalinese Hindu
Indonesia
Carved wood with leather, hair, mirrorsBattle of good vs evil (Rangda)Lion-like protector of Bali, sacred mask requiring priestly rituals, performed in daily temple dances
Tlingit Transformation MaskTlingit / Kwakwaka'wakw
Canada (Pacific Northwest)
Red cedar with pigmentsClan crest reveal at potlatchesHinged masks that open mid-dance to reveal a second face inside, animal transforming into human
Bhuta MaskTulu Nadu
India (Karnataka)
Wood or metal, paintedSpirit possession ritualsWorn by performers channeling local deities in Bhuta Kola ceremonies, bulging eyes and fangs
Fang NgilFang
Gabon
Wood with white kaolin clayJudicial secret societyElongated white heart-shaped face, used at night to identify wrongdoers, inspired Picasso's cubism
Hahoe Byeolsingut TalKorean folk
South Korea
Carved alder woodSatirical mask dance dramaOldest surviving masks in Korea from 12th century, movable jaws, aristocrat and monk characters
Xipe TotecAztec
Mexico
Originally flayed human skin worn over the faceSpring renewal ritualGod of renewal and agriculture, priests wore skins for 20 days symbolizing new vegetation
Tibetan Cham MaskTibetan Buddhist
Tibet / Nepal / Bhutan
Papier-mache with lacquer and goldMonastic dance ceremoniesWrathful protector deities, monks perform cham dances to exorcise evil and teach karma
Guro ZambleGuro
Ivory Coast
Carved wood with pigmentsMasquerade entertainmentAntelope-crocodile hybrid, elegant curving horns, considered among finest African carving
Topeng MaskJavanese / Balinese
Indonesia
Carved pule wood painted with temperaStorytelling dance dramaUsed in Topeng dance theatre retelling historical chronicles, solo dancer plays many characters
Medico della PesteItalian plague doctors
Italy
White painted leather or papier-macheOriginally protective, now carnival wearLong beak stuffed with herbs believed to filter miasma, became iconic Venice carnival mask

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