Event↕ | Year↕ | Scientist↕ | Field↕ | Country↕ | Significance↕ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory | 1543 | Nicolaus Copernicus | Astronomy | Poland | Displaced Earth from center of universe |
Tycho Brahe observes supernova | 1572 | Tycho Brahe | Astronomy | Denmark | Proved heavens were not unchanging |
Gilbert publishes De Magnete | 1600 | William Gilbert | Physics | England | Founded study of magnetism and electricity |
Kepler publishes laws of planetary motion | 1609 | Johannes Kepler | Astronomy | Germany | Elliptical orbits replaced circles |
Galileo observes moons of Jupiter | 1610 | Galileo Galilei | Astronomy | Italy | First telescopic evidence against geocentrism |
Harvey describes blood circulation | 1628 | William Harvey | Medicine | England | Overturned 1,400 years of Galenic physiology |
Galileo publishes Dialogue | 1632 | Galileo Galilei | Astronomy | Italy | Defended Copernicanism, led to his trial |
Descartes publishes Discourse on Method | 1637 | Rene Descartes | Philosophy / Mathematics | France | Founded analytic geometry and rationalism |
Torricelli invents the barometer | 1643 | Evangelista Torricelli | Physics | Italy | Proved existence of atmospheric pressure |
Boyle publishes The Sceptical Chymist | 1661 | Robert Boyle | Chemistry | Ireland / England | Began transition from alchemy to chemistry |
Hooke publishes Micrographia | 1665 | Robert Hooke | Biology | England | Coined the term cell, popularized microscopy |
Newton invents calculus | 1666 | Isaac Newton | Mathematics | England | Foundation of modern mathematical physics |
Leeuwenhoek observes microorganisms | 1676 | Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | Biology | Netherlands | First human to see bacteria and protozoa |
Newton publishes Principia Mathematica | 1687 | Isaac Newton | Physics | England | Laws of motion and universal gravitation |
Huygens publishes wave theory of light | 1690 | Christiaan Huygens | Physics | Netherlands | First wave model of light |
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