Science

Types of Tides

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Type
Cause
Frequency
Typical Range (m)
Example Location
Notes
Spring Tide
Sun, Earth, Moon aligned (new/full moon)Twice a month6Bay of Fundy, CanadaHighest highs and lowest lows; unrelated to season 'spring'
Neap Tide
Sun and Moon at right angles (quarter moon)Twice a month2Global; alternates with springsLowest tidal range; weakest tides of the cycle
Semi-Diurnal Tide
Two equal high and low tides per day12 h 25 min cycle3Atlantic coastsTwo nearly equal highs and lows each lunar day
Diurnal Tide
One high and one low tide per day24 h 50 min cycle1Gulf of MexicoSingle daily cycle due to basin resonance
Mixed Tide
Two unequal high and low tides per day12 h 25 min cycle2US West CoastCommon on Pacific coasts; alternating heights
King Tide
Sun-Moon perigee alignment (perigean spring)A few times per year7Miami, VeniceExtreme high tides; increasingly cause coastal flooding
Perigean Tide
Moon at closest point (perigee)Every ~27 days5GlobalHigher range than average; amplifies springs into king tides
Apogean Tide
Moon at farthest point (apogee)Every ~27 days2GlobalLower tidal range; weakens both springs and neaps
Meteorological Tide (Storm Surge)
Wind and low atmospheric pressureDuring storms4New Orleans (Katrina)Not astronomical; can cause catastrophic flooding
Rip Tide (Rip Current)
Narrow fast-moving water flowing seawardWhenever waves break over sandbars0Surf beaches worldwideNot a true tide; deadly for swimmers
Tidal Bore
Incoming tide forces up a river as a waveEvery tidal cycle in some estuaries4Qiantang River, ChinaCan be surfed; Severn Bore in UK is famous
Estuarine Tide
Interaction of tides with freshwater flowVaries by estuary2Thames Estuary, UKAmphidromic effects create complex patterns
Internal Tide
Tidal flow over underwater topographySame as surface tides100Luzon StraitWave inside the ocean between different density layers
Equatorial Tide
Moon over equator causes smaller diurnal inequalityTwice a month1EquatorOccurs when moon crosses the equator twice per lunar month
Tropic Tide
Moon at maximum declinationTwice a month2Mid-latitudesMaximum diurnal inequality in mixed-tide regimes
Amphidromic Point Tide
Rotation of tidal wave around a nodeContinuous0Central North SeaTidal range is zero at these points; waves rotate around them

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